Experience the essence of luxury with our exquisite line of perfumes. Indulge in the artistry of our captivating scents, carefully crafted to elevate your senses and evoke a sense of sophistication. Each fragrance is a unique blend of opulent notes that will transport you to a world of elegance and style. Discover the scent that speaks to your personality and essence, and make a statement with our prestigious collection of perfumes.

Love Cosmetics

Love's Deep Earthy Musk

Loves Deep Earthy Musk is by far the best Musk ever!!!!! It's very natural and uplifting, almost magical,it has been my favorite scent for my entire life <br/>I do hope they reintroduce it again, I am sure to purchase many more bottles and never be without it again 🤲

Donna

Tom Ford, a renowned personality in the fashion industry, has been a prominent figure for decades with his creations often gracing the red carpet and the pages of top fashion magazines like "Vogue." His journey into the world of fragrances dates back to the early 1990s.

In 1992, Ford assumed the role of creative director at Gucci, giving him control over the brand's perfume line. He later expanded his influence by taking on a similar role at Yves Saint Laurent in 2000. One of his notable contributions during this time was the creation of "M7," a groundbreaking men's fragrance that popularized the oud note in a more widespread manner.

In 2005, Ford collaborated with Estée Lauder to establish his own brand, Tom Ford Beauty. Under this label, he introduced two fragrance series: the more affordable "Signature" line, starting with the launch of "Black Orchid" in 2006, and the high-end "Private Blend" collection in 2007. The latter has become a favorite among perfume enthusiasts, featuring captivating scents like "Tobacco Vanilla," "Tuscan Leather," and "Oud Wood."

While Ford's fragrance bottles exude simplicity in design, his marketing campaigns are anything but modest. For instance, the debut of "M7" was accompanied by a striking advertisement featuring a fully nude Samuel de Cubber, creating a buzz in the industry.

Tom Ford

Ombré Leather (2018) EDP

Not much elucidation required. A top-notch refined, masculine leather scent with gentle, velvety florals and a captivating aura.

GhostlyGoddess

This perfume brand is known for its distinctive and captivating scents that evoke a sense of luxury and sophistication. Each fragrance is carefully crafted with high-quality ingredients to create a unique and memorable olfactory experience. From floral and fruity to woody and oriental, there is a scent to suit every taste and occasion. Explore the world of this renowned perfume brand and discover a new signature scent that will leave a lasting impression.

Jeroboam

Haŭto

This fragrance is quite artificial and contains a higher proportion of synthetic components rather than natural ones. It exudes a blend of sugary, fruity, flowery, and piquant notes.

BlizzardBlastX

The renowned Spanish fashion label Zara captivates with its modern designs and exceptional customer service. Specializing in fast fashion, Zara offers a wide range of textiles, shoes, and accessories for women, men, and children.

Established in 1975 in A Coruña, Spain, Zara quickly expanded with stores in Portugal, the USA, and later in Germany. Unlike traditional fashion houses, Zara collaborates with researchers to identify global trends and swiftly adapt them to its collections. This swift production process, often taking just a month from design to sale, allows Zara to offer quality products at moderate prices, thanks in part to manufacturing in Europe.

While Zara's success is built on its agility in responding to trends, the brand has faced criticism for labor practices, including reports of poor working conditions and child labor. Additionally, Zara has been accused of unethical practices such as racism, monitoring employees, using carcinogenic materials, and alleged tax evasion.

Zara products are exclusively available in its own stores, department store sections, and online, with over 2,000 outlets in more than 90 countries.

Zara

Morning Sunray in Sevilla

Lush, tangy, golden grass and dried grass, damp from raindrops, with a hint of boozy warmth reminiscent of a blend of fragrant plants. This is the vibrant greeting that beckons me in.

BlitzKrieg

Parfums de Marly is a prestigious French fragrance brand offering a variety of scents that embody unique olfactory experiences and a touch of French sophistication. Founded by Julien Sprecher in 2009, the brand seeks to pay homage to the aromatic 18th century with its exquisite perfumes. During this era, scents played a pivotal role in social interactions, particularly in aristocratic circles and the court of King Louis XV, where only distinctive and natural fragrances were favored. The name "Parfums de Marly" is a nod to the fragrant legacy of the French Château de Marly, symbolizing the essence of the 18th century.

The brand's fragrances are crafted from natural ingredients, resulting in captivating blends such as citrus and pepper in "Galloway", mandarin and wood in "Percival", or fern, vanilla, and almond notes in "Pegasus". 

For women, the Delina series is a popular choice, offering scents like lychee, Turkish rose, rhubarb, lily of the valley, and peony in "Delina" or bergamot, pear, lychee, amber, and bergamot in "Delina Exclusif".

Men can explore a diverse range of scents from "Parfums de Marly" including "Sedley", "Kalan", "Layton", and "Godolphin", catering to a wide range of preferences from masculine to playful to oriental.

Apart from the captivating fragrances sourced from around the world, the brand's signature glass bottles (available in 75 ml or 125 ml) stand out with a consistent design featuring two horses, a beloved symbol by founder Julien Sprecher. The silver or gold caps add an elegant touch, while variations in bottle colors and materials help preserve the fragrance's essence until its first application.

Parfums de Marly

Hamdani

Incredibly repulsive - a blend of smoked salmon, engine lubricant & rawhide. Slightly medicinal as well. Perhaps the most offensive fragrance I've encountered.

PixelWarrior

Shiny leather boots and disinfectant cream. A technician cleanses their grimy hands with honey and sandalwood cleanser.

ViperVenom

The story behind the exclusive fragrances of the brand "Tiziana Terenzi" is truly unique. It all started with Guglielmo Terenzi founding a wax factory in Catalonia in the 1980s, specializing in crafting candles for various occasions with a focus on unrivaled quality and design. His son Evelino Terenzi took the company to new heights by developing safe, food-grade candle wax for handling candles. Paolo and Tiziana Terenzi continued this legacy, infusing their passion for beauty into the brand, ultimately venturing into the opulent world of fragrances.

Today, Tiziana Terenzi offers a range of fragrances in elegantly designed round or square bottles, predominantly in black and gold hues, creating a cohesive and recognizable collection. The scents themselves are diverse, from floral notes of lilac, vanilla, and peach in "Afrodite" to the rich blend of leather, saffron, honey, and lemon in "Chimaera" and the exotic mix of jasmine, orange, amber, and sandalwood in "Spirito Fiorentino."

A standout quality of "Tiziana Terenzi" is that almost all of their 80+ fragrances are unisex, appealing to both men and women with an array of aromas to suit every preference.

Tiziana Terenzi

Orza

Exciting beginning with crisp apple, succulent plum, vibrant raspberry, and creamy coconut. As it unfolds, a bouquet of rose emerges, followed by benzoin, vanilla, and savory ambergris.

BlazeFury

The Sultanate of Oman, located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, was under the rule of Sultan Qaboos bin Said from 1970 to 2020. During his reign, the country transitioned from nomadic traditions to a more modern society with a focus on trade relations with the West. Oman boasts an impressive healthcare system, a stable social safety net, and a comprehensive education policy.

In the early 1980s, Sultan Qaboos decided to revive the tradition of perfume production in Oman, dating back to the 9th century, and establish a signature fragrance for his Sultanate. Thus, Amouage, meaning "wave" in Arabic, was founded in the capital city of Muscat, generously funded by the state treasury.

Renowned French perfumer Guy Robert was enlisted to create the ultimate Omani scent, incorporating local essences such as myrrh, rosewater, and Omani frankincense. The result was the iconic Amouage Gold fragrance.

Amouage fragrances not only provided a sense of national identity for the people of Oman but also served as esteemed representations of the country. Often exchanged as gifts during state visits or found in hotel rooms, these perfumes earned the moniker "The Gift of Kings."

In recent years, Amouage has expanded its reach to the international market, offering a touch of luxury that brings the opulence of Oriental perfumery and the rich heritage of Arabian nights to European consumers. Through this prestigious brand, the essence of Oriental perfume culture has made its way onto global skin and into the hearts of fragrance enthusiasts worldwide.

Amouage

Reflection Woman EDP

Chilled and tangy like a fruit outdoors on a snowy day. Incredibly vibrant in color.

Stark

Fresher and more verdant than flowery to my senses and on my skin, this fragrance appears to be delectable for both ladies and gents. Charming and serene.

NeonNebulaK

Discover the essence of luxury with a captivating fragrance collection that embodies elegance and sophistication. Unveil a world of scents that exude charm and allure, crafted with the finest ingredients in exquisite bottles. Experience the art of perfumery like never before, as each fragrance tells a unique story and leaves a lasting impression. Indulge in the opulence of our signature scents and elevate your senses to a whole new level of refinement. Choose a scent that resonates with your personality and embrace the transformative power of fragrance. Elevate your daily routine with a touch of elegance and let your scent speak volumes about your style and individuality.

Maison Tahité

Cacao²

Yummy! I'm not a huge foodie fan, but I couldn't resist grabbing this right away, especially considering the cost! ($120 USD) Unique gourmet treat that will satisfy a wide range of tastes!

MidnightMage

Experience the essence of luxury with our exquisite line of fragrances. Our perfumes are crafted with the finest ingredients to evoke emotions and memories with every spritz. Elevate your senses and indulge in the art of scent with our captivating collection.

N.C.P.

Olfactive Facet 301 - Jasmine & Sandalwood

Stunning hyperrealistic jasmine blossom fragrance. Intoxicating, vibrant, and clean. Ideal for blending with other scents.

MetalMarauder

Discover a luxurious fragrance line that captivates the senses and embodies elegance and sophistication. Explore a unique collection of scents that evoke charm and allure, crafted with the finest ingredients to create an experience that is truly unforgettable. Experience the essence of luxury and style with our exceptional perfume brand.

Francesca Dell'Oro

Vanille 12:00

Perfect fusion of luscious fruity and indulgent gourmand scents. Light and luscious, not cloying, but vibrant and delectable. Authentically natural, dispelling my initial synthetic concerns.

NeonVortex

Experience the essence of luxury and elegance with our refined collection of fragrances. Indulge in the unique blend of scents crafted to captivate your senses and leave a lasting impression. Embrace the sophistication and allure of our perfume brand, where each bottle holds a masterpiece waiting to be discovered. Elevate your everyday moments with the touch of luxury that only our perfumes can provide.

Sucreabeille

Cersei EDP

Not my cup of tea. Overabundance of thyme.

DuskDragon

Discover the essence of luxury and elegance with our exquisite line of fragrances. Experience the captivating aromas and indulgent scents that will transport you to a world of sophistication and glamour. Elevate your senses with our carefully crafted perfumes that are designed to leave a lasting impression. Embrace the allure of our brand and immerse yourself in a world of beauty and prestige.

Christian Provenzano

Iris d'Orient

A fascinating fragrance that transforms four times as it lingers on the skin. Truly enchanting!

Nabeel Perfumes, a prestigious fragrance house in the United Arab Emirates, has been creating exquisite scents since 1969. Originally established in Yemen and later moving its operations to the UAE in 1990, Nabeel Perfumes has become one of the top perfume manufacturers in the region. Specializing in both oriental and western fragrances, Nabeel offers a wide range of captivating scents that cater to diverse tastes and preferences. Experience the essence of luxury and elegance with Nabeel Perfumes.

Nabeel

Dubai - Oud

A softly suede and arid, eastern zesty-woody fragrance, with a hint of fruity and sharp, fiery zesty/wild beginning. Provocative!

StarkStriker

In the world of perfumes and cosmetics, where big brands dominate, Jo Malone stands out as a beacon of exclusivity and excellence. Founded by the entrepreneur Jo Malone, the brand offers a range of luxurious fragrances, shower gels, bath oils, and skincare products that are primarily available in select stores in the USA and the UK, giving them an air of sophistication and rarity.

The brand's journey began with Jo Malone's boutique facial care clinic in Chelsea, which quickly gained a loyal following for its personalized approach to skincare. Inspired by her success, Jo ventured into the world of fragrances, creating unique scents with the help of perfumers in Grasse, France. Her first creation, the "Nutmeg & Ginger" bath oil, marked the beginning of her foray into the world of perfumery.

A pivotal moment came in 1991 with the launch of the iconic "Lime Basil & Mandarin" fragrance, which catapulted Jo Malone to fame and fortune. Known for her innovative concept of "Fragrance Combining," Jo encouraged customers to mix and match scents to create their own personalized perfumes, revolutionizing the industry.

Despite being acquired by Estée Lauder in 1999, Jo Malone remains at the helm of creativity, continuing to innovate and inspire. With a wide range of fragrance lines and products to choose from, customers can customize their scent experience to reflect their individual tastes and preferences.

From the exquisite packaging to the long-lasting formulations, Jo Malone's products exude luxury and sophistication, making each purchase a special and delightful experience. As a pioneer in the world of perfumery, Jo Malone continues to redefine luxury with her timeless creations, ensuring that each customer feels unique and cherished.

Jo Malone London

Pomegranate Noir (Cologne)

The strong scent of "masculine fragrance" overwhelms my senses. A subtle tangy undertone is the only hint of pomegranate I can detect.

ShadowSoulX

Discover a luxurious fragrance collection from a sophisticated perfume brand that exudes elegance and style. Experience the exquisite blend of aromatic notes that evoke memories and emotions, and create a lasting impression wherever you go. Elevate your senses with this captivating range of scents that are designed to make you feel confident and alluring. Unleash the power of fragrance to enhance your mood and leave a lasting impact on those around you.

Malin + Goetz

Dark Rum (Perfume Oil)

The fragrance of milk and plum combines to exude a scent reminiscent of cherimoya, though regrettably, there is a scarcity of rum notes in this blend.

CrimsonClaw

For many years, Montblanc has stood as a symbol of excellence in the luxury market as a leading creator of premium writing instruments. While the brand also offers meticulously crafted wristwatches, leather goods, and jewelry, its primary focus remains on producing exquisite ballpoint pens and fountain pens bearing the iconic Montblanc emblem.

Established in Berlin at the dawn of the 20th century, Montblanc's origins trace back to the visionary August Eberstein, who drew inspiration from fountain pen production in the US and sought to bring this expertise to Germany in 1906. With the support of investors and a series of patented innovations, the foundation was laid for the "Simplo Filler Pen Co. Max Koch," founded in 1907. Initially replicating American designs, the company's exceptional fountain pens quickly gained recognition, leading to collaborations with renowned brands like "Faber-Castell" and "Staedler," eventually paving the way for Montblanc's own distinctive models featuring the iconic star logo, established as a registered trademark in 1913.

Today, Montblanc offers a diverse range of prestigious writing instruments such as the "Meisterstück," the "UNICEF Editions," the "Diva Line," and "Bohème," each showcasing subtle variations in materials, design, and functionality while consistently upholding the brand's renowned standards of quality and durability that endure for generations.

Employing a workforce of over 3,000 individuals, with approximately 30% based at the brand's Hamburg headquarters, Montblanc has been under the ownership of "Alfred Dunhill, Ltd." since 1977, becoming part of the esteemed "Compagnie Financière Richemont SA" family, alongside its esteemed range of writing instruments, timepieces, jewelry, and leather accessories.

Montblanc

Legend EDT

An elegantly unisex fragrance. Bright citrus and herbaceous lavender notes lead the way, eventually giving way to a warm tonka bean aroma after a few hours. Perfect for wearing in a professional setting.

StarStruck

Experience the essence of luxury with fragrances by this renowned perfume house. Indulge in a symphony of exquisite scents crafted with precision and passion. Elevate your senses and embrace the allure of these exceptional perfumes.

Lorenzo Pazzaglia

Extreme Passion

Following a delightfully ripe and luscious tropical fruit-sweet introduction, this aromatic fruity-floral scent for Summer transitions into a velvety resinous-woody foundation.

Experience the essence of luxury with our exquisite collection of fragrances. Immerse yourself in a world of sophisticated scents that captivate the senses. Discover the artistry and elegance of our perfume brand as you indulge in a sensory journey like no other. Elevate your style and make a lasting impression with our signature scents that are sure to leave a lasting impression. Welcome to a realm of impeccable craftsmanship and unparalleled beauty.

Xinú

Copāla | Xinú (no. 2)

Enchanting resin backed by oak and sweet vanilla. There's an air of mystique, enchantment, and intrigue surrounding it. Gratitude to Xinú for gifting us with this precious gem.

SonicFrost

Immerse yourself in the captivating world of scents with this luxurious fragrance label. Indulge in a symphony of aromatic notes carefully crafted to evoke emotions and memories. Discover the essence of sophistication and opulence with each spritz of these exquisite perfumes. Embark on a sensory journey that will transport you to a realm of elegance and allure. Experience the allure of this prestigious perfume brand and elevate your scent game to new heights.

LPO - Libby Patterson Organics

LPO, also known as Libby Patterson Organics, introduced a unisex fragrance in 2017 which continues to be in development and available for both women and men.

Scent Garden

Rose-like note with aromatic and citrusy facets

Geranium

Aromatic, invigorating and slightly camphoric smell

Thyme

An emblematic flower with an aromatic, fresh, camphoric, slightly spicy fragrance

Lavender

Herb with an aromatic and tonic scent. Clary sage has a sweeter, more ambery fragrance.

Sage

The emblematic flower of perfumes, with more or less powdery, fresh or fruity facets

Rose

An herb used in cooking with fresh, camphoric facets

Rosemary

Passion flower is an exotic and intoxicating floral note known for its sweet and fruity aroma. It brings a tropical and sensual touch to fragrance compositions, adding depth and richness to the overall scent experience.

Passion flower

Sunflower is a bright and uplifting floral note that evokes the warmth and energy of the sun. It's sweet, fresh, and vibrant, lending a cheerful and summery quality to fragrances.

Sunflower

Pot marigold, also known as Calendula, is a fresh and floral note with a hint of herbal warmth. It adds a bright and uplifting touch to fragrances, reminiscent of sunny days in a vibrant garden.

Pot marigold

Strawberry

Sweet pea

Herbal scent with slightly floral and green facets

Chamomile

Artemisia, also known as wormwood, is a fragrant herbaceous plant with a bitter, herbal scent. It adds a green and slightly medicinal nuance to perfumes, bringing a unique and refreshing twist to fragrance compositions.

Artemisia

Nasturtium is a vibrant and peppery floral note commonly found in perfumes. It adds a unique spiciness and freshness to fragrances, creating a bold and invigorating scent experience.

Nasturtium

Lemon vervain is a fresh and zesty note with a citrusy, herbal scent. It adds a vibrant and uplifting touch to perfumes, creating a refreshing and invigorating fragrance experience.

Lemon vervain

Everlasting flower is a sweet and aromatic note that brings a delicate, honeyed floral scent to perfumes. Its warm and soothing fragrance is often used to add depth and complexity to various fragrance compositions.

Everlasting flower

Marjoram is a fragrant herb with a sweet and slightly spicy aroma. It adds a warm and herbaceous note to perfumes, often used for its calming and grounding properties.

Marjoram

Mallow is a delicate, powdery, and sweet floral note in perfume, reminiscent of a soft, velvety bloom. It adds a touch of nostalgia and femininity to fragrances, evoking a sense of comfort and innocence.

Mallow

Aromatic note used in Mediterranean cuisine

Oregano

White sage is a refreshing and aromatic herbal note often used in perfumery. It exudes a clean, earthy scent with hints of citrus and is known for its calming and grounding properties.

White sage

Thai basil is a fresh, aromatic note commonly found in perfumery. It exudes a spicy, slightly sweet and herbal scent with hints of licorice and mint. This unique ingredient adds a refreshing and exotic touch to fragrances.

Thai basil

Costmary, also known as balsam herb, has a warm and spicy scent with hints of balsamic, woody, and earthy notes. It adds depth and complexity to fragrances, creating a comforting and cozy aroma.

Costmary

Lemon basil is a fresh and vibrant scent that combines the zesty aroma of lemon with the earthy and herbaceous notes of basil. It evokes a sense of brightness and energy, perfect for a refreshing and invigorating fragrance experience.

Lemon basil

Chocolate mint is a delectable and refreshing note that combines the rich sweetness of chocolate with the invigorating coolness of mint. It adds a unique and delicious twist to any fragrance, perfect for those with a sweet tooth.

Chocolate mint

Borage is a herbal note in perfumery with a fresh, green, and cucumber-like scent. It adds a crisp and uplifting quality to fragrances, creating a vibrant and invigorating aroma.

Borage

Yarrow is a powerful fragrance note known for its woody, earthy, and herbaceous aroma. It adds depth and complexity to perfumes with its slightly sweet and spicy undertones.

Yarrow

African basil is a fresh and herbaceous note with a slightly spicy and aromatic fragrance. It adds a unique and exotic touch to perfumes, bringing a sense of intrigue and sophistication to the fragrance composition.

African basil

An exquisite fragrance created by LPO - Libby Patterson Organics that caters to both women and men, launched in 2016 and continues to be available on the market.

Boronia

Flower with a fresh and slightly fruity fragrance 

An exclusive fragrance crafted by LPO - Libby Patterson Organics for both ladies and gentlemen, launched in 2016 and continues to be in circulation.

Cozy

Citrus fruit with aromatic and slightly floral facets

Bergamot

A resin with a warm scent of amber and leather

Labdanum

Balsamic resin with an ambery, vanillic, spicy perfume 

Benzoin

Moroccan rose is a luxurious and exotic floral note with a rich, sweet and slightly spicy aroma. It evokes the scent of a traditional Moroccan rose garden, reminiscent of romance and elegance.

Moroccan rose

Pink grapefruit is a zesty and refreshing scent that combines the sweetness of grapefruit with a hint of tanginess. It adds a bright and uplifting touch to fragrances, creating a revitalizing and invigorating aura.

Pink grapefruit

Angel's trumpet is a sweet, floral note with a hint of fruity undertones. It adds a captivating and intoxicating aroma to a perfume, evoking a sense of mystery and allure.

Angel's trumpet

Royal poinciana is a fragrance note with a warm and floral aroma reminiscent of the vibrant red blossoms of the flamboyant tree. It adds a touch of elegance and exoticism to perfumes.

Royal poinciana

Introduced in 2016 by LPO - Libby Patterson Organics, this fragrance is a timeless creation for both women and men. Crafted with the finest ingredients, this perfume continues to captivate scent enthusiasts as it remains in active production.

Happy Parfum

Turkish rose is a rich and enchanting floral note known for its deep, sweet, and spicy aroma. It exudes elegance and sensuality, making it a popular choice in luxury perfumes.

Turkish rose

Saint John's wort is a versatile perfume note with a fresh, herbal scent. It adds a unique and uplifting aspect to fragrances, creating a sense of balance and calmness.

Saint John's wort

A fragrance crafted by LPO - Libby Patterson Organics designed for both women and men, launched in 2015 and currently available.

Gardenia Tiare

White floral scent with solar and exotic tones

Tiaré

A fragrance from the renowned brand LPO - Libby Patterson Organics, suitable for both women and men. Launched in the year 2015, this scent remains in continuous production, captivating the senses with its alluring composition.

Artichoke Earth

Sandalwood

White flower with an opulent fragrance that can be fresher thanks to the synthesis

Jasmine

Frankincense is a warm and resinous scent with balsamic and woody undertones. Often described as exotic and spiritual, it adds depth and complexity to perfumes, creating a sense of calm and reverence.

Frankincense

Small Japanese citrus fruit with a tangy and sparkling scent

Yuzu

Jasmine sambac is a sweet and floral note that exudes elegance and sensuality. Its intoxicating aroma is often described as exotic and luxurious, adding a sophisticated touch to any fragrance composition.

Jasmine sambac

Bulgarian rose is a lush and romantic floral note known for its intense and captivating scent. It adds depth and elegance to perfumes, with a rich and slightly spicy aroma.

Bulgarian rose

Mugwort is a sophisticated and slightly sweet note commonly found in perfumery. It adds an aromatic depth to fragrances, with herbal and earthy undertones that evoke a sense of mystery and allure.

Mugwort

Orange blossom absolute is a warm, citrusy and floral note extracted from the blossoms of the bitter orange tree. It adds a sweet, fresh and slightly honeyed aroma to perfumes.

Orange blossom absolute

Vermouth is a herbal and aromatic note commonly found in fragrances. It contributes to a sophisticated and complex scent profile, adding a touch of warmth and bitterness. Typically used in unisex and niche perfumes, Vermouth brings a unique twist to fragrance compositions.

Vermouth

Forget-me-not is a delicate and ethereal floral note known for its sweet, powdery, and slightly green aroma. It adds a touch of freshness and innocence to perfumes, creating a dreamy and romantic ambiance.

Forget-me-not

Shiso is a unique and aromatic note in perfumery derived from the Japanese herb of the same name. It offers a fresh, green, and slightly minty scent, adding a modern and vibrant twist to fragrances.

Shiso

Soil note in perfumery evokes the earthy, damp scent of fresh soil after a rain shower. It adds a grounding, natural element to fragrances, creating a sense of depth and connection to the earth.